Weather-resistant concrete



ment of air in cement and concerete time Patented Jan. 13, 1953 WEATHER-RESISTANT CONCRETE Patrick J. Keating, Jr., Scarsdale, N. Y., assignor to The Texas Company, New York, N. Y., a corporation of Delaware No Drawing. Application April 13, 1949, Serial No. 87,359

5 Claims. (Cl. 106-96) 1 2 This invention relates to cement and concrete Another concrete mix was prepared in a, manner of enhanced resistance to freezing and thawing. similar to that of the preceding mixtures except The invention is concerned with the entrain; that no air-entraining agent was added.

By way of example, 0.005 e ent b we ht f the wax based on the cement content e resist'a he material to freezing and 5 gave 3 per cent air entrainment by volume of the thawing and contemplates the incorporation of air in the material by means of paraffin wax emulsions and sea of oxidized wax. gave 6 er cent air entrainment.

IE acco'rdance with the invention a soap of sive strength of the concrete with the 3 per cent dized dgd to the water em- 10 air entrainment was 5080 pounds per square inch ployed in making the cement or concrete mix. and with the 6 per cent air entrainment 4180 Stable emulsions are formed with the soa s of pounds per square inch, as compared with the the oxidized arafiin wax and when mixed with control concrete mix to which no air entraining the cement or concrete function mmmmr. agent was added which had a compressive in the mix in the form of finely divided disconstrength of 4950 pounds per square inch. nected bubbles. By incorporating air in the ce- Samples of the concrete prepared with the wax ment and concrete through the agency of these emulsion were tested by the freezing and thawing emulsions, it is found that a product of greatly test in which the samples were subjected to alterenhanced resistance to freezing and thawing can nate freezing and thawing until they showed a be produced. In the preparation of weather-reweight loss of 20 per cent. The following table sistant concrete, it is generally considered desirshows the amounts of air in the several samples able to incorporate in the concrete quantities of and the corresponding number of cycles of freezflgamounting to some 3 to 6 per cent by volume. ing and thawing.

y means of the present invention such proportions of air in a highly divided and dispersed mm Per g ai cyclgs through the aggregate mass can readily be ob- 6 1 tained without any serious loss in compressive m 1:6 strength. 1

In preparing th p tfig-qlzfid By way of comparison the control sample of conpar iu a ent crete in the preparation of which no air entrainl such as an alkali m l 11 8390111157 ing agent was used had a freezing and thawing acid components presen m the oxidized wax and test of 82 cycles. the resultant soap is added when making the Althoughapreferred embodiment f the invencement or concrete mixtur tion has been described herein, it will be under- By way of examp W stood that various changes and modifications may in a saponiflcation num er 0 3 and a ne be made therein, while securing to a greater or tralization number of 41.8. was s .Wlfll less extent some or all of the benefits of the in- A stable wax emulsion w vention, without departing from the spirit and prepared consisting of y w l of scope thereof. the 1figa product and 70 per cent of ater. The 40 I l i em ion had a Saybolt Furol viscosi y a 77 F. 1. A wet concrete mix adapted to yield upon of 30 seconds (after stirring, the material being thixotropic innature). freezing and thawing and comprising as essen- Concrete mixes were prepared in accordance tlal components Portland cement, aggregate and with the Standard Recommended Practice for a paragin wax emulsion formed by the admixture the Design of Concrete Mixes (ACI No. 613-44, of water an a wax-soap mixture prepared by Journal of American Concrete Institute. Proceedthe oxidation of paraffin wax to form an oxidized ings, volume 41, June 1945). The mixer was wax product having a saponification number of charged first with m, then with Portland ceabout 93 and a neutralization number of about and finally with coarse a regate. Eter 41 and the saponification of said oxidized wax 15 seconds of dry mixing the water containing product with alkali metal hydroxide, said wax the w x emulsfi'mdded a'nd the materials emulsion being present in a quantity of the order were mixed tor about 2 to 3 minutes. Different of ODDS-0.014% by weight of the Portland cement amounts of wax emulsion were used and varying content. amounts of air were entrained in the concrete. 2. A concrete or enhanced resistance to freezper cen hardening concrete or enhanced resistance to c ncrete and 0W 8 compres- I I gv imlitkii 3 ingandthawingmadetromawetmixotlortland cement and aggregate containing a paraflin wax emulsion formed by the admixture of water and a wax-soap mixture prepared by the oxidation parahin wax to form an oxidized wax product having a saponification number of about 93 and a neutralization number or about 41 and the saponiflcation or said oxidized wax product with alkali metal hydroxide, said wax emulsion being present in a quantity or the order of 0.005- 0.014% by weight of the Portland cement content, and the wet mix having been hardened with entrained air.

8. The method of preparing concrete of enhanced resistance to freezing and thawing that comprises incorporating in a mix of Portland cement and aggregate a parailin wax emulsion formed by the admixture of water and a waxsoap mixture prepared by the oxidation of slack wax to Iorm an oxidized wax product having a saponiflcation number of about 93 and a neutralization number of about 41 and the saponiflcation of said oxidized wax product with sodium hydroxide, said wax emulsion being added in a quantity 01' the order or 01105-031496 by weight of the Portland cement content.

4. The method or preparing concrete or enhanced resistance to freezing and thawing that comprises incorporating in a mix of Portland cement and aggregate a paraflin wax emulsion formed by the admixture of water and a waxsoap mixture prepared by the oxidation or ara!- fln wax to form an oxidized wax product having a saponiflcation number of about 93 and a neutralization number of about 41 and the saponiflcation or said oxidized wax product with alkali metal hydroxide, said wax emulsion being added in a quantity of the order of 0.005-0.0l4% by weight of the Portland cement content.

5. A wet concrete mix adapted to yield upon hardening concrete or enhanced resistance to freezing and thawing and comprising as essential components Portland cement, aggregate and a paraflin wax emulsion formed by the mixture of water and a wax-soap mixture prepared by the oxidation of slack wax to form an oxidized wax product having a saponification number of about 93 and a neutralization number 01' about 41 and the saponiflcation or said oxidized wax product with alkali metal hydroxide, said wax emulsion being present in a quantity of the order of 0.005- 0.014% by weight of the Portland cement.

PATRICK J. KEATING, Jx.

REFERENCES CITED The following references are of record in the flle of this patent:

UNITED STATES PATENTS Number Name Date 1,285,636 Davidson Nov. 26, 1918 2,337,671 Liniord et al Dec. 28, 1943 

1. A WET CONCENTRATE MIX ADAPTED TO YIELD UPON HARDENING CONCRETE OF ENHANCED RESISTANCE TO FREEZING AND THAWING AND COMPRISING AS ESSENTIAL COMPONENTS PORTLAND CEMENT, AGGREGATE AND A PARAFFIN WAX EMULSION FORMED BY THE ADMIXTURE OF WATER AND A WAX-SOAP MIXTURE PREPARED BY THE OXIDATION OF PARAFFIN WAX TO FORM AN OXIDIZED WAX PRODUCT HAVING A SAPONIFICATION NUMBER OF ABOUT 93 AND A NEUTRALIZATION NUMBER OF ABOUT 41 AND THE SAPONIFICATION OF SAID OXIDIZED WAX PRODUCT WITH ALKALI METAL HYDROXIDE, SAID WAX EMULSION BEING PRESENT IN A QUANTITY OF THE ORDER OF 0.005-0.014% BY WEIGHT OF THE PORTLAND CEMENT CONTENT. 